Article Rebuttal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Article Rebuttal - Essay Example The politics of same-sex marriage is deeper than a mere proclamation. There are numerous fault lines that are built due to the cultural issues in the American politics (Rimmerman & Wilcox 2007). The gay rights law has expanded over the years increasing the members of the community to become large enough to fight for a separate seat in elections. What has really compelled opponents of the same-sex marriage is the focus that gay marriage has received in the state court through their efforts. The community has managed to sponsor its case through major litigating groups such as the â€Å"Lamdba Legal in New York, GLAD in Boston and NCLR in San Francisco†. In the absence of these national groups the ACLU Gay and Lesbian Rights project gets involved (Rimmerman & Wilcox 2007). It is for this reason that the focus on same-sex marriage has increased in the recent years. Bronner states that the opponents are frequently requested to accept the gay marriage as part of the American culture to an extent that even Presifent Obama agreed to accept the new addition in the most welcoming manner. Mr. Blankenhorn, however, is not concerned with the ethics and morality of the act itself. He believes that the same-sex marriage is the major cause in the decline in general marriage patterns in the society. He lays stress on the institution of marriage as being a healthy and significant part of the society. He is merely using the language of morality when he speaks of marriage and indirectly, despite his denial, is addressing the religious or biblical justification for going against the same-sex marriage (Bronner 2012). Mr. Blankenhorn indeed is giving the most unfortunate acceptance for the gay-marriage. But what the author seems to overlook is the fact that the situation is not as simple as it may seem to be (Bronner 2012). The whole idea of marriage has largely evolved in recent years because of the pressure that the

Psychoanalys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychoanalys - Essay Example Hypocrisy is the false claim to virtue. It always refers to consciously intended deception by a person in a position of trust. Making use of literary examples, the investigation starts with the delineation of three readily apparent preconditions for falling prey to hypocrisy. Idealization of the hypocrite is seen as a defense against a dread of uncertainty on the part of the person who succumbs to hypocrisy. The addition of a third precondition, the force of powerful desire, completes the introduction. A selective review of historical and philosophical studies of hypocrisy over the past twenty-five hundred years situates the problem of the susceptibility to hypocrisy. Must idealization lead to credulity I do not think so. Belief, even strong belief, need not be credulous, and idealization, though it always involves some substitution of wish for judgment, is not always used as a defense. But when idealization and belief are fueled by anxiety, independent judgment, fragile under the best of circumstances, may fail. So idealization as defense against the dread of uncertainty may be expected to create the credulity that is one precondition for successful hypocrisy. But unrelenting credulity may come about also from great desire, especially in those inclined to magical thinking and other immaturities of consideration by playwrights and philosophers, a

Tic Tac Toe Game Computer Science Essay

Tic Tac Toe Game Computer Science Essay Most of the research nowadays is focused towards problems that deal with complexity or are influenced by some kind of random events. Interesting about these problems is that if they are deterministic, then a solution is expected to exist, at least a theoretical one. These problems are often inspired by games, such as mathematical games (ex. Tic-Tac-Toe, Chess). On the other hand the point of randomness involved in these problems increases the difficulty of prediction on the possible solution, or in some situations outcome. This is thy, there are certain methods of operations devised, that in turn give some supplementary information to a decision maker. In most of the cases, the probability distribution of an even which took place randomly, it is possible to be affected by prior events. These games are often played by at least 2 players (or many), out of which the one is called an opponent. The decisions at each step are made by the last move of the opponent. The operations research in these games is called game theory. The vital Tic-Tac-Toe game consists of two players, X and O, who take turns marking the spaces in a 3ÃÆ'-3 grid (Crowley, 1993; Gardner, 1998). The game usually begins with the X player, and the player who will manage to place three respective marks (in any direction, i.e. in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row) wins the game. This basic version of the game is rather simple, what allows the game to be used as a useful tool in combinatorial game theory, as well as a branch of artificial intelligence that deals with the searching of game trees (Beck, 2008). Using game theory there are few approaches that can be undertaken: The games solution is resulted by dominance when the game has only 1 rational strategy for each player Minimax strategies decide a stable solution useful if the opponent makes the wrong play Minimax strategies do not decide a stable solution using a probability distribution Even though, game theory researches are made on the possible playing strategies, they might not be employed in real life when playing a game, because: There might be too many strategies to enumerate (this number is simply too large to be estimated). Players are not always rational. There might be more than two players. Real-life games are not zero-sum games. This project deals with developing a Tic-Tac-Toe to be used on a mobile device. The following chapter discusses the Aims and Objectives of the game. Chapter 3 talks about a background research on this game, starting with a review on existing Tic-Tac-Toe games, which in turn leads to discussion about the existing models of this game and the proposed model of this work. Finally, Chapter 3 concludes with a technology research concentrated towards Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME). Chapters 4 and 5 describe the system requirement analysis and design on this work, and chapters 6, 7, and 8 include explanation on the implementation, testing and evaluation. And finally, chapter 9 concludes this work. 2. Aim and Objectives The aim of this project is to develop a Tic-Tac-Toe game for mobile device. The game is supposed to consist of two parts, one a single player game (a player against a system), and the other a multi-player game (two players on their mobile devices, playing against each other). In order to accomplish these, the following objectives were defined. Single player game The player should play Tic-Tac-Toe game on his mobile device. The player should have option to edit his name. The player will start the game of choosing his symbol as X or O. If player 1 selected X then O has to be automatically allotted to the mobile device as a second player, and vice versa. The player has an option to choose the small game grid out of 4 small tic-tac-toe games. If player X marked horizontally or vertically or diagonally of his symbol X in a row, then player X won that small match. Finally, which player won the maximum small games will be declared as winner of the tic-tac-toe game. Multi-player game Using Bluetooth as communication channel the two players should play Tic-Tac-Toe game from different mobiles. Players should have options to edit his name. Once both players connected together, then first player will start the game of choosing his symbol as X or O. If player 1 selected X then O has to be automatically allotted to player 2. Then main game grid has to display in both mobiles. Player2 have option to choose the small game grid out of 4 small tic-tac-toe games. After grid selection both players will play tic-tac-toe game in that small grid. If player X marked horizontally or vertically or diagonally of his symbol X in a row, then player X won that small match. That small grid is marked with X and Player1 awarded 1 point, screen should zoom out and have to display whole main game grid and now player who won the previous game will have the choice to choose on which grid have to be select to play remaining game. This process will be repeated until the whole Four (4) small games grids marked with X, or O, or T. Finally which player won the maximum small games will be declared as winner of the tic-tac-toe game. then game ends. 3. Background Research In this section the Tic-Tac-Toe game will be discussed in details. At the outset, the basic rules of the game are going to be covered. Then, there will be a review on existing Tic-Tac-Toe games, which in turn will lead to discussion about the existing models of this game and the proposed model of this work. Finally, this section is going to be concluded with a technology research concentrated towards Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME). 3.1 Basic Rules of Tic-Tac-Toe game The basic Tic-Tac-Toe game consists of two players, X and O, who take turns marking the spaces in a 3ÃÆ'-3 grid (Crowley, 1993; Gardner, 1998). The game usually starts with the X player, and the player who will manage to place three respective marks wins the game. The marks can be placed in any direction, i.e. in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row. This basic version of the game is rather simple and very often leads to draw. This simplicity allows the game to be used as a useful tool in combinatorial game theory, as well as a branch of artificial intelligence that deals with the searching of game trees (Beck, 2008). The Roman Empire is known to have established the beginnings of the earliest known variant of tic-tac-toe. It originated around the first century BC (Crowley, 1993). At that time, the game was called Terni Lapilli. Instead of having any number of pieces, each player only had three. The game was played by moving them around to empty spaces to keep playing. However, according to Claudia Zaslavskys book, the game Tic Tac Toe is originating from ancient Egypt (Zaslavsky, 1982). Chess and Tic-Tac-Toe are one of the most famous games to which the moves are not left to chances, rather than pure mathematics and logical reasoning. In these games, a player wins by achieving a winning configuration first, like for instance: checkmate in chess, and 3-in-a-row in a basic Tic-Tac-Toe game in 33 board (Gardner, 1998). Thus, the question which can be posed at this point is: How a player can achieve a winning configuration first? Even though there isnt a general theorem to answer this question, there might be a well-known strategy stealing argument that can give a partial answer about when a player can achieve a winning configuration first (Beck, 2008). In order to find a winning strategy, in theory all the paths could be explored. However, in practice this is not easy because the total number of strategies can be calculated a double exponential function of the size of the board. For example, a 3-dimensional 5ÃÆ'-5ÃÆ'-5 version of Tic-Tac-Toe, has about 3125 positions. This is because each one of the 53 cells has 3 options: Marked by the first player, Marked by the second player, or Unmarked. Thus the backtracking on a graph of 3125 vertices takes at least 3125 steps. This is the main reason that this 3-dimensional 5ÃÆ'-5ÃÆ'-5 version of Tic-Tac-Toe remains unsolved up to date. Moreover, only two explicit winning strategies are known from in the whole class of nÃÆ'-nÃÆ'- ·  ·  ·ÃƒÆ'-n = nd Tic-Tac-Toe games. This is the 33 version and it is characterized with an easy winning strategy, and the 43 version that in turn has an extremely complicated winning strategy. In order to play a perfect tic-tac-toe game, i.e. a win or a draw, the player can play given they move consistent with the uppermost possible moves. This is presented in the following table (Crowley, 1993): Win If the player has two in a row, play the third to get three in a row. Block If the opponent has two in a row, play the third to block them. Fork Create an opportunity where you can win in two ways. Block opponents fork Option 1: Create two in a row to force the opponent into defending, as long as it doesnt result in them creating a fork or winning. For example, if X has a corner, O has the center, and X has the opposite corner as well, O must not play a corner in order to win. (Playing a corner in this scenario creates a fork for X to win.) Option 2: If there is a configuration where the opponent can fork, block that fork. Center Play the center. Opposite corner If the opponent is in the corner, play the opposite corner. Empty corner Play in a corner square. Empty side Play in a middle square on any of the 4 sides. Initially, the player that starts first gets the X and has 3 probable positions to mark in his turn. Even though it seems that there are 9 possible positions, as there are 9 squares in the grid, by rotating the board, this is not the case. It can be observed that: Every corner mark is tactically equal to every other corner mark, and Every edge mark is tactically equal to every other edge mark. There are therefore only three possible first marks: corner, edge, or center. The first player could win (or make a draw) from any of these starting marks. It can be also observed that playing a corner would give the opponent the smallest choice of squares. This is a nice strategy as could be played to avoid losing (Zaslavsky, 1982) . The second player can be identified as O and this player must respond to Xs opening mark. However, this should be done in such a way as to avoid Player X to win. It can be stated that Player O must always respond with (Zaslavsky, 1982): To a corner opening with a center mark, To a center opening with a corner mark and To an edge opening either with a center mark, a corner mark next to the X, or an edge mark opposite the X. Any different play would allow X to compel a win. After every next turn of player X, the player O should follow the above list. This way the player O can achieve a draw (or a win if the player X makes a weak play). 3.2 Existing Tic-Tac-Toe games As many other games like: three mens morris, nine mens morris, pente, gomoku, Qubic, Connect Four, Quarto and Gobblet, Tic-Tac-Toe also has the same goal, i.e. a player wins if he is the first one to get n-in-a-row. Basically, if a generalization is to be provided, it can be concluded that all the different formations of Tic-Tac-Toe can be represented as nd-games, which are accordingly played on a d-dimensional boards with edge n (Zaslavsky, 1982). As it was discussed in the previous section as well, the original Tic-Tac-Toe game is actually a 32-game. There are many variations, discussed as follows (Patashnik, 1980; Gardner, 1998; Beck, 2008). A slightly different version of a Tic-Tac-Toe game is the 33-game, played on a 3x3x3 board (Patashnik, 1980). It can be noted that this game gives good opportunities to the player that plays first, so he could achieve an easy win by playing at the center with his first move. Similarly, playing on a 4x4x4 board also gives the first payer better chances for wining. More complex version of a Tic-Tac-Toe game is playing it on a board with higher dimensional space. 4 dimensional, i.e. 3ÃÆ'-3ÃÆ'-3ÃÆ'-3 board is one of the most commonly played Tic-Tac-Toe (Patashnik, 1980). In this version there are 2 possible aims. One of them is to position elements through all of the board, thus the player that has more rows of 3 totally than the other one is the winner of the game. And the other strategy is to include 4 players, in which case the winner is the payer that will get a row of 3 first. Another version is the misà ¨re tic-tac-toe game. It is played according to its conventional rules, such as in this variation 33 game would be a draw, whereas the winner is the player that will get n in a row (Berlekamp, 1982). Quite a new game is the Tic Tac Tactic variation of tic-tac-toe (Berlekamp, 1982). This game is played on a 3 dimensional curved board, and the here each player tries to roll a ball at least half the way, as it would then drop on a grid that has 9 positions (33 grid). This way the players should make a row of 3 in order to gain a ball. The winner is the player that will have won the first 5 balls. In order to roll their balls precisely, they could use a device that helps into changing a balls trajectory. Yet another version is the nine board tic-tac-toe. In this game, there are in essence 9 boards, arranged as 33 grids, and the first payer can start on any of them by his choice (Gardner, 1998). The following moves are supposed to be places on the board chosen by the first player. Once this board gets full and there is no more space left, the next move can be again on any of the boards left, by the choice of the player. The winner is the one that will achieve 3 in a row. However, having 9 boards gives the game yet another spirit than the usual tic-tac-toe game, as the players can have an opening, middle and end of their game. Similar to the nine board tic-tac-toe game is the super tic-tac-toe game (Beck, 2008). The difference in this variation is that this game does not end once a player makes 3 in a row in one of the 9 boards. As an alternative, the position of that board is marked on a new 33 grid, and the winner is the one that will make 3 in row there. Tic-Tac-Chess is an interesting combination of games, as it involved playing a chess game, as well as a tic-tac-toe game at the same time (Beck, 2008). In this variation, once a player captures a piece from the challenger on the chess game, makes a move on the tic-tac-toe game (even if the challenger has not placed anything on the tic-tac-toe game yet). And of course, the winner is the player that will make 3 in a row on the tic-tac-toe game first. A game that in essence is an isomorphic to a tic-tac-toe game, even though it seems as a completely different game, is described as follows (Beck, 2008). Basically, there are 2 players that should say a number between 1 and 9, without repeating the previously said numbers. The winner is the player that will first make a sum of 15. This game is isomorphic to a tic-tac-toe, because if those numbers are to be placed on a 33 magic grid, then it will be exactly as playing a tic-tac-toe game, because a straight line is formed only if the sum of the numbers is 15. This information is mostly useful in programming variations of a tic-tac-toe game. Another different variation again employs numbers from 1 to 9 (Gardner, 1998). These are to be placed on a 33 grid, but must be held with an order of precedence defined by the players. Then the players play a tic-tac-toe game, filling the grid by the precedence defined beforehand. Check Lines is a very old variation of tic-tac-toe game, invented in the 1970s by Tri-ang Toys Games. In this game the board is actually any geometrical pattern that consists of 12 lines. There are 11 holes in total, distributed in a way that each line has 3 holes. At this point, each player is given 5 coins, and each player on their turn should place a coin on the board. The winner is the one that will have first completed 2 lines. Because the players have only 5 coins, this means that they have to complete intersecting lines. If none of the players have won after placing their 5 coins, then they will continue playing by replacing the position of the coins, on the remaining spaces, with the rule that it must be done only on an adjacent hole. Very similar game to the tic-tac-toe game is the Toss Across game. Here, the players are given bags with beans and they are throwing them on a big board for marking the squares. Star Tic Tac Toe is another popular variation of tic-tac-toe. This game is played with checkers like movable pieces. It has a 33 board, thus a player has 3 pieces accordingly. The participants keep on replacing pieces into the spaces which are left empty in the board, until one the players wins; this actually adds some more dynamism in the game. Moreover, the players have supplementary star shaped pieces, which can be swapped. Similar category of games as the previous bullet, are the: Mojo, Mojo Too and Mojo tic-tac-toe games. In these variation the payers also pieces and pawn(s) onto empty positions until there is a winner. Moreover, there are many shows based on the tic-tac-toe game, as well: Hollywood Squares is a show with 9 celebrities, which fill the cells of the tic-tac-toe grid. Tic-Tac-Dough is a show on which the players put symbols up on the board. This is achieved by answering queries in a variety of categories. In Beat the Teacher competitors respond to questions to win a turn, again on a tic-tac-toe grid. On The Price Is Right, there is a pricing game called Secret X, in which players must estimate prices to win Xes, in order to place them on a blank board. They must position the Xes as to provide speculation of the location on the secret X. This is in turn hidden in the middle line of the board, forming a tic-tac-toe line across. The fictional game Dni game of Gemedet, has an aim to place 6 balls in a row to a 9x9x9 grid (Gardner, 1998). The fictional game Squid-Tac-Toad, has an aim to place 4 or 5 balls in a row to a 44 or 55 grid, accordingly (Gardner, 1998). A more simplistic variation of this game is having the rules as of the Y formations to count as a win. This is rather simple, because all the scenarios basically forming some kind of a Y configuration. Quantum tic tac toe is yet another variation in which the participants are positioning a quantum superposition of numbers on a tic tac toe board (Gardner, 1998). A larger grid (for example 1010) tic-tac-toe games also exist. In a 1010 grid the winner should place 5 in a row. The more the grids there are on a board, the larger complexity of the game is. Another similar game named Go-moku, originating from Vietnam, also has the strategy for a player to get 5 in a row in order to win the game (Gardner, 1998). The players put Xs and Os, but in order to try blocking each other, in this variation they should also try to create changes for wining. Another difference is that the board has no limit, thus the game is played until there is a winner. Three Mens Morris and Nine Mens Morris are also variations, in which there is a limiting on the number of pieces in order for a move to be allowed (Gardner, 1998). Finally, the last variation of the tic-tac-toe game, employs the words: eat, an, laf, it, line, if, lot, on and foe. In this game, the winner is the one that will select 3 words that start with the same letter. If the game was places on a tic-tac-toe grid, it would mean 3 words in order to form a line (three in a row line). 3.3 Proposed model There are quite a few algorithms hat can be used for creating the Tic-Tac-Toes game strategy. The most popular ones are the semantic algorithms and the lexical algorithms. For this project, a lexical algorithm was utilized. The model of the tic-tac-toe game described in this work contains 2 different game strategies. Basically, the one strategy is the Single Player game where a player plays against a system. The other strategy involves Multiple Player environment, and it is being played by a player versus another player. In order to analyze this game, a decision tree might be used. Moreover, for the analyzing part it should be assumed that both the players in the Multiple Player environment, and the single player in the Single Player game, are in essence experienced. This means that the result of a game can be foreseen after the first move from each participant (again assuming that there are no mistakes). Let us represent with 1 if the player that has the X wins and with -1 if the player that has the O wins. The following figure represents the decision tree after the first move from each participant. As it was already discussed in section 3.1 Basic Rules of Tic-Tac-Toe game, the tic-tac-toe game is symmetric and therefore it is sufficient to consider only the squares 1, 2 and 3 for the first player (see the figure below). The rest of the moves are symmetric and will be presented. So, following this reasoning, the first player has the positions 1, 2 and 3 available, and the second player has the remai ning two positions. The figure above presents an expansion, so called an extensive form. It demonstrates that even in the simplest scenario the decision tree can be quite large. For example, if the first two moves were to be presented, this would be impossible to be demonstrated on a single page. Similarly to this discussion, the strategic form of the game can be presented by a different model, i.e. as a matrix. In order to demonstrate this approach, it should be assumed that the players choose one strategy and they strictly follow it when their turn comes. Of course, each strategy should represent all the paths of action and in every possible situation. At the beginning, let us assume that there is a strategy that the first player uses for their first move, and another strategy for the first move of the second player. This logic would create some rules like the following (Zaslavsky, 1982): For the first player: select one of the nine squares on the game board. For the second player: Select one of the nine squares on the game board. If the first player already uses the selected square, then à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ put an O in square 3, 5, 7, or 9 if an X is in square 1 (center) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ put an O in cell 1 if an X is in cell j. These rules are examples of complete strategies, and these can be selected by the payers before the beginning of the game, and thus followed with their first moves. The strategic form of a tic-tac-toe game is presented on the figure below. It should be noted that the entries in the table below are in essence the values of the game. They hold values for every possible selection of strategies. Each tic-tac-toe game that can be actually presented in an extensive form would have an equivalent strategic form similar to the one shown in the table presented above. Moreover, this table is also equivalent to the matrix established previously. The payoff matrix in cooperation with the descriptions of the strategies comprises the model for the two-person tic-tac-toe game. 3.4 Comparison of Proposed model with Existing Models The semantic algorithm is yet another approach towards the tic-tac-toe game. The semantic algorithm is in essence a learning algorithm, and it might be structured in the following way. It might have as initial information the ability to recognizing the 3 states of a game: lost, won or a draw. The algorithm in this case would play the X, and it will play against another algorithm, i.e. the O. As soon as a game is finishes, the information if the game was won or lost is stored. Moreover, the moves are presented with the smaller letters x and o accordingly. A possible structure of stored information could be the following line: x5 o3 x9 o4 x1 won. The first move is always randomly selected. So, given that the algorithm played 7 (x7), and the opponent played 6 (o6), the algorithm will search for previous games that are most similar to x7 o6. If such a case is found, then the following rules apply: If the game found was a win, than the algorithm will try to reproduce the move. If the position is not available, it will play randomly. If the game found was a loss, the algorithm will try to correct the move, by not placing an element in the same position as in the lost game. This is repeated until there is a winner. Moreover, if a game end with a draw, it is not saved in the database. Comparing this algorithm with a lexical algorithm such as our proposed model, it might be noted that the semantic algorithm usually plays very badly at the begging. But, after a certain number of games, the learning curve of the algorithm becomes better. On the other hand, our proposed model behaves well during all the stages of the game. 3.5 Technology Research (j2me) Being quite different from other programming languages, Java does both compiling and interpreting when it comes to process code. As it can be seen from the photo above, the source code (i.e. the .java files) is initially translated by the compiler. This gives an output of an intermediate language, called Java bytecode (i.e. the .class files). The bytecode is then ready to be executed (or in other words, interpreted) within a particular virtual processor, known as the JVM (Java Virtual Machine) (Hayun, 2009; Knudsen, 2008). This is in essence a simulated processor that executes all the bytecode commands. The Java Virtual Machine is the basic components that give to Java the feature to compatibility. This is simply because it represents a reliable layer between bytecode and the concrete machine instructions, translated at runtime. Over the years, the Java language has undergone many changes and development. J2SE (Java 2 Standard Edition) had its first edition targeting GUIs, applets, and other basic and rather simple applications. Recently, the language was extended with the Java suite known as J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition). This edition is based for server side development, and includes tools for: database access, messaging, content rendering, inter-process communications, and transaction control (Hayun, 2009; Li, 2005). J2ME (Java 2 Micro Edition) came into existence as to cover the needs for applications targeting mobile devices. As it can be seen from this short overview, there are versions of Java to suit different environments: from the enterprise development tools intended for use in servers, to the micro systems. An important thing to note at this point is that the separation between platforms is not just unconditional (Knudsen, 2008). Many times these are not a simple line than can be drawn. In ord er to demonstrate this, it might be explained that Java 2 Micro Edition development sometimes requires the use of Java 2 Enterprise Edition and Java 2 Micro Edition. This is the case with multiplayer games for instance, so and Java 2 Micro Edition is used for the client side, but Java 2 Enterprise Edition is used for the server side of the application/game. Moreover, different Java editions target different hardware configurations. Similarly, there are 3 virtual machines to be used for the different environments (Li, 2005). For example, Hotspot VM is a default virtual machine suitable for a executing the full-scale edition of JavaHotspot. JavaHotspot is a newer type of virtual machine competent of vigorously optimizing a great deal of executed code (called as hotspots) during the runtime (Li, 2005). Other versions of virtual machine are the Compact Virtual Machine (CVM) and Kilobyte Virtual Machine (KVM). These are in essence smaller virtual machine implementations. They are targete d to run within the restrictions of the limited resources found on the micro devices (these will be discussed later in this section, as well). The requirement of having another version (like the Java 2 Micro Edition) for the mobile devices came because these devices do not have sufficient recourses to run Java 2 Standard Edition, since J2SE was clearly way excessively large to fit on even the bigger micro devices. However, the question was imposed initially was which features should be left out from the J2SE, so to be minimized in a smaller edition. Also, having great diversity of different devices, it would not have been a nice decision to restrict all the J2ME applications to the lowest compatible hardware configuration (Li, 2005; Kochnev, 2003). Moreover, this solution would not have been practical as well, because it would incorrectly neglect the capabilities of the higher end devices. The final solution is comprehended through a mixture of J2ME configurations and profiles (Krikke, 2005). It represented a revised Java architecture, which actually offers for the leaving out of parts of the platform, at the same time as a ddition to device and category precise components. Along these lines, the configuration would identify the abilities of a Java platform intended for use on a sequence of analogous hardware. Possible components that can be removed are the following (Kochnev, 2003; Lefevre, 2005): Java language mechanism smallest amount hardware necessities, such as the memory, screen size, and processor power for the family of devices integrated Java libraries By utilizing this approach, there are actually 2 preset configurations for mobile devices: one for somewhat restricted devices such as PDAs and Set-Top-Boxes (for instance the digital TV receivers), and another one for devices such as pagers and mobile phones. These two configurations are (Kochnev, 2003; Krikke, 2005; Lefevre, 2005): CDC (Connected Device Configuration) CLDC (Connected, Limited Device Configuration) All of these configurations are to be reviewed as follows. On the other hand, a good example of java profiles is the UI (User Interface) for mobile phones. For example, the J2ME configuration CLDC that wraps this type of device, keeps out the typical Java UI libraries (AWT and Swing). The devices do not have the ability of presenting anything derived from these libraries in any case. This is due to the fact that their screens are just too small. Thus, there is no point to slaughtering valued space on them. The solution was to generate an innovative User Interface, fitting to the exact necessities of the poor mobiles LCD display. The consequential LCD UI is built-in in the CLDC profile. This targets MIDs (Mobile Information Devices), for this reason the name is MIDP. The CDC is built for bigger devices such as digital TV set-top-boxes and PDAs. These are devices characteristically with numerous space of memory. The CDC is the bigger brother of the J2ME configurations. It encloses a single profile (the Foundation profile) as well as a high performance virtual machine (known as the Compact Virtual Machine CVM). This Java language implementation, as well as the API, practically has all the influence of J2SE. Unluckily, the CDC is not accessible on the platform for the most micro-game players (the mobile phones). The CLDC is especially targeted to micro devices, like mobile phones. It fundamentally defines a standard, which in turn is used by all the device manufact

The Role of Women in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Joseph

The Role of Women in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness Women have taken an increasingly important role in literature. Only recently have authors portrayed women in a dominant, protagonistic light. Sophocles and other classical writers portrayed women more as reactors than heroines. Since the ancient Greeks, however, a trend has been established that gives women characters much more substance and purpose. A definite shift from the antediluvian ways can be seen, and the overall complexity of women characters has increased exponentially. In Conrad?s Heart of Darkness, however, the portrayal of women takes a backwards step and is reverted back to the primitive, more demeaning viewpoint. Conrad employs characters that reflect the archaic perspectives concerning women. The main character, Marlow, generalizes all women and depicts every woman as living in a dream-like state merely ?going through the motions? of life. In his descriptions of the various women characters, Marlow either implies or directly states that women are not mentally equipped to survive in society, and can only function in a dream-like state. He also conveys that it is the responsibility of men to save women and preserve their naà ¯vetà ©. This point of view is reflected often, and stems from his English upbringing and the British society of the day. Marlow speaks utilizing many lewd words and racial slurs. Many of the Victorian ideals still remain within English culture, and this fragility towards women is a prime example of the fragmented set of beliefs. Nevertheless, Marlow views women as mindless pawns, his stance is evident when he goes to speak with the Intended. While speaking with Marlow, the Intended praises Kurtz and speaks of his many goo... ...viewed as mere symbols and not real characters. There are no quoted in the entire story where a woman says something intelligent, meaningful, or important. Conrad only used the women in the story as symbols for his thematic metaphors. The women represented large facets of society or nature, but were not given much personality on individualism. By the end of the story, the reader knows a tremendous amount of information about Marlow and Kurtz, and Conrad?s novel could be called a case study for either of them. No new information is known about the psyche or inter-workings of the women of Heart of Darkness and even though the females in the story represent vast societies, their personal anonymity could leave the reader empty and searching for substance. Bibliography Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: Dover, 1990.

English subculture

What is subculture? – It is a culture within a culture 2. Name some of the subcultures you know. – Hip-hop, memo, hooligan & hippie 3. What subculture is represented in the picture? – Hip-Hop Why are members of the group easily recognizable? – Because they are getting ready to go on stage themselves 4. What is stereotyping? Give example of stereotypes. – Its a way of seeing people. E. G. The Germans are drinking a lot of beer 5. How might people stereotype you? – As a person who like to have fun and party! Reading 1. Describe the poll featured in the article. Statistics about children answered by adults 2.What words and expressions were used by adult Britons to describe children? Animal, feral, vermin 3. What is general perception of today's children and young people in – Beginning to behave like animals and that they are increasing the danger to society 4. Are British youngsters as criminal as they believed to be? – Not at all they are only responsible for 12 % not 50 % 5. What percentage of crime in the KICK is committed by young people? 12 % Geeks/ nerd: What is distinctive about the group Geeks are shy, love games or an other geek things (Math, school, magna, nine, science and many more things).Many are not good to talk to new people. Some are very lonely and don't go out much. Because of that are they bullied by many. But there are many geeks, so they find each other. What attitude is shown by its members towards dress and interests? Geeks is not interested in that to wear and not to wear. Stereotypical â€Å"nerd† appearance includes very large glasses, braces, severe acne and pants highly lifted up. In the media, many nerds are white males, portrayed as being physically unfit, either overweight or very thin. Products that would appeal to the members of the group.Geeks love games, books, all types of food, music, electronics. Summarize the story using the graphic organizer. Beginning – a man ask the bus conductor 1. – Bus conductor is negative 2. – Another person joins the debate – Old woman 3. – Another one joins the debate – old man 4. – Another one joins the debate – girl 5. – Suddenly all start discussing END – he talk with the police about the incident. What generalizations are used by the characters in the story? Old people doesn't see young people as good as them If you don't dress properly your parents haven't got any control Are there any stereotypes?No because they are all negative Discussion Who fault and could I have been avoided The bus conductor because he was rude Name some stereotypes of the Danish people. Has a great quality of life.

After the Second World War

After the Second World War, the Western European countries, which were in a rapid development process, tried to meet the deficiencies in their labor supply from neighboring countries in the South, relatively less developed. This request directed to Turkey in the early 60s. Turkish emigration to Western Europe begins by the agreement with Germany made in 1961. This followed similar agreements with Austria, Belgium, and the Netherlands in 1964, with France in 1965, and Switzerland in 1967. Additionally, Turkey has implemented its first five-year development plan in 1962. In line with this plan, â€Å"increasing labor exports† was considered a plan goal, along with measures to curb population growth. In the years 1966-67, the German automobile industry, which the Turks worked extensively, had crisis and about 70,000 Turkish workers had fired. Workers who lost their jobs tried to find jobs in neighboring countries such as Holland, Belgium, Denmark, and those who could not find sheltered with their coworkers for a while. The Turkish immigration process which was based on the individual invitation format and the institutional invitation format before bilateral agreements were signed. This process for the central regions, where labor is dominant from the surrounding regions, is the first phase of international labor migration that has never lost its unwavering social, economic, cultural and political dimensions. In the early years of migration until the mid-70s, the majority of immigrants were physically robust men who successfully passed through health checks. This trend gained momentum after 1963 with the partnership agreement signed between Turkey and the EEC. The following governments supported immigration. The promotion of worker' migration has been carried out as the official policy of the Turkish States since the beginning. Due to the economic crisis brought by the oil embargo in Western European countries, there have been significant changes in the structure of Turkish migrants, especially after 1973, when they stopped the recruitment of workers from Turkey. The Family Reunification Act, which first took effect in the Federal Republic of Germany at the beginning of March 1974, created a situation allowing Turkish immigrant workers to bring their family members to the countries they found. Since then, the family reunification process has become the main channel of legal immigration to European countries and has continued with the ongoing applications for marriage, illegal immigration and asylum for political purposes. Based on bilateral agreements with Germany on October 30, 1961 by the state initiated the process of Germany's Turkish emigration was legally terminated with stopping the intake of labor migration from Turkey on November 30, 1973. However, despite all the measures taken during certain periods of the migration movement, it is a known fact that it has been associated with global dynamics and is a systematic migration style.

Which States Require the SAT Complete List

Which States Require the SAT Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The College Board offers a program calledSAT School Day, which, as the name suggests, allows schools to offer the SAT to students during the week, generally for free. In some states, all high school juniors are required to take the SAT under this program, while in others only some are. Read on to learn more about this program and what it means for you. Why Do Some States Require the SAT? When statewide testing started, Colorado and Illinoisdecided to partner with ACT, Inc., to use the ACT as theassessment for 11th graders.This plan was meant to eliminate an extra test for students who were already planning to apply to college whilealso encouraging those who weren't planning for college to consider it.Over the nextdecade and a half, the two states became 20, and the ACT replaced the SAT as the most popular college admissions test in the US. In 2010, the College Board introduced a similar program (calledSAT School Day) that was meant to increase access to the SAT for low-incomestudents. Although the program caught on in a few places (most notably Delaware),the SAT wasn't as widely accepted as an assessment test because it'sgenerally considered totest aptitude rather than knowledge.For the 2014-15 school year, only threestates offeredthe SAT free to all juniors, though certaindistricts orschools did so in a handful more. However,the redesigned SAT (released in 2016) seems to be shifting the momentum.One of the primary goals of the overhaul was to align the SAT with Common Core standards,making it far more appealing as an assessment test than the older version of the test. Which States Require the SAT? In total, 20states (plus Washington, DC) are contracted with the College Board to administer the SAT to some or all juniors for free. Let's go through the exact situation for each state, one at a time. (Note that these statements only apply to public school students.) Colorado As ofthe 2016-17 school year, all Colorado juniors in public schools will take the SAT. Connecticut As ofthe 2015-16 school year, all Connecticut juniors will take the SAT. Delaware In 2016, the SAT replaced Delaware's Smarter Assessment state test for 11th graders. District of Columbia Although it's not required, the SAT is offered for free to all juniors and seniors in Washington, DC. Idaho Each year, Idaho offers a free administration of the SAT, though it is not required. Illinois Beginning with the 2016-17 school year, all Illinois juniors must take the SAT. Maine Historically, Maine has required the SAT of all juniors, but in 2015the Department of Education made the testoptional (though still free). Michigan Michigan administered the SAT to juniors statewide for the first time in the 2015-16 school year. Previously, students were given the ACT. New Hampshire As of spring 2016, all New Hampshire juniors must take the SAT. Ohio To graduate high school in Ohio, students must meet threshold scores on the SAT or ACT. Oklahoma Students in Oklahoma must take either the SAT or ACT, with the choice of test being determined by each individual school district. Rhode Island Since the 2017-18 school year, all Rhode Island 11th graders must take the SAT. South Carolina Students in South Carolina must take either the SAT or ACT. Which test you take will be determined by your school district. Tennessee Students must take either the SAT or ACT. West Virginia All juniors must take the SAT unless taking the West Virginia Alternative Summer Assessment. Other States There are a number of other states where some schools or districts can administer the SAT to their students (either as an option or a requirement). These states include Arizona, Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, and Texas. What Does Statewide Testing Mean for Your SATPrep? The SATisthe same whether you take it on a regular test date or on a state-administered date.Nonetheless, there are afew things to keep in mind if you're required to take the exam. #1: AFree Test Because the state foots the bill for its own administration of the exam,you won't have to pay any fees to take the SATon that date.This discount might or might not be important for you, but if it is, make sure to study for the statewide testing date.This free SAT also comes with four free score reports. There are other resources for low-income families as well. You might be eligible for twoSAT fee waivers, soyou'd be able to take the test a total of three times if you don't get the score you want the first time. #2: Free Study Materials The College Board has partnered with Khan Academy to providefree official SAT study materials to everyone(you'll just need to sign up for a free account). Be sure to do some practice with these materials if you're planning to take the SAT. In addition, your schoolmight have teachers includesome SAT prep in their classesor offer extra prep opportunities to students who want them. #3: No Effect on the Curve Contrary to popular belief,when you take the SAT will have no effect on your score. The SAT isn't really curved- at least not in the same way your math test in class might be curved. Instead, your raw score (the number of questions you get right) for each SAT section isequated into a scaled score (between 200 and 800) using a somewhat mysterious process based on the College Board's data and analysis.As a result,you're never directly measured against other students who take the same SAT as you. What's Next? If you're definitelyplanning to take the SAT,check outthis full breakdown of the test, learnhow to study for the SAT,andget tips on how to find the best official practice materials. If you're stillnot sure whether you want to take the SAT or not,try this quizto see if you might be better at the ACT instead! What states require the ACT? Check out our full list to learn whether you'll need to take the ACT. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

The History Of amsterdam essays

The History Of amsterdam essays An Investigation into the Historical Development of Amsterdam. This project focuses upon the development of Amsterdam between the years 1200 and 1800 AD. The city of Amsterdam is of great importance to the Netherlands, as it is the countrys nominal capital (the political centre is Den Haag). Alongside being the most carefully constructed Dutch city, Amsterdam attracts the highest number of foreign visitors to the Netherlands. The city itself stands upon the confluence of the rivers Amstel and Ijsselmeer, at the heart of the Randstad . As Amsterdam was one of the first medieval cities to be established in the Netherlands, it has a long and interesting past. It has a present-day reputation for as a multicultural, tolerant, and prosperous area; naturally, this has arrived as a result of its history. The aim of the project is to produce a comprehensive, chronologically organised discussion of Amsterdams development. This will involve looking at the early establishment of a small fishing village upon the marshy riverbanks (c. 1200). The religious and dynastic conflicts that shaped much of the Low Countries medieval development will be discussed. This will precede an account of Amsterdams metamorphosis into a major European market and global centre, particularly during the Golden Age of the 17th century. The consolidation of Amsterdams wealth during a nationwide recession, followed by the citys decline (1672 1813), will be considered. A secondary consideration will be the ways in which Amsterdams political and economic position influenced the Republic as a whole, and vice versa. The citys financial climate will continually be compared with the Republics wealth; I expect to find some interesting differences between the two. Social and cultural aspects, which 00obviously play an important role in any citys development, will be addressed when relevant. T...

The High School Math Courses You Should Take

The High School Math Courses You Should Take SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Choosing which math classes to study can be one of the most challenging parts of planning your high school schedule. High schools offer numerous math classes, often at varying degrees of difficulty, and it can be difficult to know which math classes will be the best for you and your future. Read this guide to learn about standard high school math curriculum, AP and IB math courses, which math classes colleges expect you to have taken, and ways to exceed those expectations. Standard High School Math Curriculum Most high schools require students to take three years of math in order to graduate and recommend taking four years. These requirements often also include completing an algebra class and a geometry class. Forty-five stateshave agreed to follow Common Core standards for math, which aim to create a more standardized math curriculum across the country. The Common Core standards state that six content categories should be covered in high school math classes: Algebra Functions Modeling Geometry Statistics Probability However, these standards are very broad and don't specify which math concepts should be taught at which grade, so there is still a lot of differentiation amongschools and amongstates. For high school math,there is not a specific course you should be taking as a freshman, sophomore etc. Instead, there is a series of courses, and each student begins with the math class best suited for him/her, based on testing and prior math knowledge. The typical order of math classes in high school is: Algebra 1 Geometry Algebra 2/Trigonometry Pre-Calculus Calculus However, this order is definitely not set in stone.Some schools teach algebra 1 and 2 back-to-back then move on to geometry, some schools include trigonometry with geometry or pre-calculus instead of algebra 2, and some students take pre-algebra or a similar course if they need to strengthen their math skills before taking algebra 1. However, most high schools follow a course order similar to the one above for their math classes. The math class you take freshman year will be chosen based on your previous math classes and any placement tests you may have taken before starting high school. So, if you already took algebra 1 in 8th grade, you may be able to start with geometry as a freshman and continue down the list from there. Also, not every high school student takes pre-calculus or calculus. What Will You Learn in Your High School Math Classes? While curriculum can vary depending on your teacher, the textbook you use, and the level of your math class, most math classes cover the same main topics. The topics listed below serve as a guideline for the key subjects taught in each math class. Algebra 1:Real numbers; solving, writing, and graphing linear equations; quadratic equations and functions; polynomials Geometry:Plane and solid geometry including constructions, formulas for measurement, and formal proofs Algebra 2:Continuation of the concepts taught in algebra 1, including a more in-depth study of graphing and solving equations, inequalities, and functions Trigonometry:Applies algebra and geometry skills to circular and periodic functions. NOTE: Trigonometry is usually not its own class, but isoften taught during algebra 2, geometry, or pre-calculus Pre-Calculus:Series and sequences, probability, statistics, limits, and derivatives Calculus:Continuation of the concepts taught in pre-calculus, with an emphasis on integration and differentiation You'll be seeing a lot of these images if you study calculus Which Math Classes Will Colleges Expect You to Have Taken? Like high schools, most colleges require applicants to have completed three years of math and recommend four years. Selective colleges often require four years of math, and some schools may also require the completion of particular math classes like algebra 2, geometry, or pre-calculus. For students planning on majoring in humanities, the social sciences, or a similar field, the math classes you took in high school will not be as important to colleges because they'll be looking more at the classes that relate to your intended major. This means you don't have to take the most challenging math classes your high school offers, although colleges want fundamentally talented and well-rounded people, so you should still aim to do well in the math classes you do take in order to maintain a solid GPA. If you plan on majoring in a STEM field (science, technology, engineering, or math), expectations will be higher because math skills will be more critical to your college courses and future career. Most collegeswill require you to have taken four years of math in high school, sometimes including pre-calculus and calculus.You'll be competing for college offers with many other smart STEM people, so you'll want to help yourself stand out by taking rigorous math classes that are offered at a high level. Regardless of what you plan to study in college, it is highly recommended that all high school students complete four years of math because many colleges expect it, even if they don't require it, and it will help you stay prepared for any math classes you may have to take in college. Read on to learn ways to go above and beyond these expectations from colleges. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Everyone should take four years of math in high school How Can You Exceed Expectations? Becausehigh schools offer many math classes at varying levels of depth, speed, and difficulty, the math classes you take and the grades you receive in them will be looked at closely by colleges to help determine your academic ability and how good a fit you would be at the school. If you are not majoring in a STEM field, you do not need to worry as much about exceeding expectations in your math classes; you can focus the majority of your time and energy on classes more closely related to the subject you plan to major in. It's usually enough to take four years of math and get good grades in those classes. If you have the time and ability to take honors or AP math classes, that's great, but it shouldn't come at the expense of your grades for classes more closely related to your major. For students planning to major in a STEM field, you will also want to take four years of math, but you will want to push yourself by taking advanced math classes, studying those classes at honors or AP level if offered by your school, and getting high grades in your math classes. Below are several examples of advanced math classes that will help show a college that you have strong math skills. AP Math Classes There are three AP math classes available: two calculus classes and a statistics class. AP Calculus AB and AP Calculus BC Many students who plan on majoring in a STEM field or who are confident with their math skills take an AP Calculus course. The material that these two classes cover is very similar, but Calculus BC is seen as more difficult because it moves at a faster pace and covers some additional topics such aspolynomial approximations and series, series of constants, and Taylor series. However, both are challenging AP classes, and taking either class is one of the best ways to prove your strong math skills. A solid knowledge of calculus is also required for many STEM careers. AP Statistics This AP course coversexploring data, sampling and experimentation, anticipating patterns, and statistical inference. Statisticsis one of the most widely used math subjects, and many career fields require a background in it. AP Statistics is often seen as not quite as rigorous as an AP Calculus course, but it is still a strong course to have on your transcript. This course is a good option for students who want to take an AP math class but either don't feel ready for calculus or would rather take it in college, or for those who feel statistics will be more useful than calculus for their future career. You can check degree requirements at different colleges for majors you are considering to see which math courses different majors require and to determine whether AP Statistics or AP Calculus would be more useful for you. While it can vary between students, in general, students not planning to major in a STEM field can take either AP Statistics or an AP Calculus course if they choose to take an AP math class. Students who are planning to study a STEM subject should take an AP Calculus course because they will almost certainly need to know calculus for their future classes. They may also consider taking both AP Calculus and AP Statistics if they have room in their schedule. Feeling Lucky? AP Statistics may be the course for you. IB Math Classes In order to obtain the International Baccalaureatediploma, studentsmust take at least one course from each of the six IB subject categories. Math is one of those categories and has four IB options. IB courses are offered at standard level (SL) and high level (HL). The four math classes, from least challenging to most challenging are: Mathematical studies SL Mathematics SL Mathematics HL Further mathematics HL These fourcourses basically cover the same topics, but at different speeds and with different degrees of difficulty. Accordingto the IB website, in these courses students will develop their mathematical knowledge, along with logic and critical thinking skills. The main topics they cover includealgebra, functions and equations, trigonometry, vectors, statistics and probability, and calculus. Similar to AP classes, students majoring in STEM fields should pursue a high level IB math class. More Options for Math Classes If you want to take a specific math class or simply love math and want to take more math classes, there are several options for you. These include both advanced and non-advanced math classes, so they are a possibility for high school students planning to major in any field. Electives Statistics is one of the most common math electives, and it is useful for many career fields. You can take statistics at the AP level (see the above section) or regular level. Other math electives includecomputer math, math literacy, and math applications. These electives often focus on computer skills or practical applications of math. Community College Classes Ifyour school doesn’t offer a specific AP math class or elective, you may be able to take a similar course at a local community college. This is an especially good option for higher-level math classes thatmost high schools don't offer, such as multivariable calculus, abstract algebra, and proof-based math. Because most high school students don't take these classes, completing one can really strengthen your transcript and show colleges you are prepared for future STEM classes. If you're interested in this option, talkto your guidance counselor about how to enroll in one of these courses. It’s becoming more and more common for high school studentsto take community college classes, so the process may not be as difficult as you might think. Do you love math like Isaac Newton did? Consider taking math classes at a community college. Summary Even though most high schools and colleges only require taking three years of math, it is best to complete four years, regardless of what you plan to study in the future, because many colleges expect it, and it will help prepare you for future college classes. The math class you take your freshman year of high school depends on your previous math experience and grades from middle school. You will most likely be required to take a year of geometry and at least one year of algebra while in high school. For students planning on majoring in the humanities or social sciences, meeting the above requirements and getting strong grades in your math classes is sufficient because you should spend the majority of your time on classes more closely related to your future major. If you are planning to major in a STEM field, you need to devote more time and energy to your math classes, so you should take more challenging classes, such as pre-calculus and calculus, and take those classes at an advanced level, if possible. What's Next? Wondering whether you should take AB or BC Calculus? Our guide lays out the differences between the two classesand explains who should take each course. Interested in math competitions like the International Math Olympiad? See our guide for passing the qualifying tests. Not sure which science classes you should take either?Check out our complete guide to the science classes you should take in high school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Stem cell research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stem cell - Research Proposal Example The Mbd3/NuRD complex needed for the above conversion is needed for the development of pluripotent cells. Kaji K, Caballero IM, MacLeod R, Nichols J, Wilson VA and Hendrich B carried out further research and showed that ES cells lacking Mbd3, though viable, were unable to silence the gene expression prior to embryo implantation. Yamanaka and Takahashi converted adult somatic cells in mice to iPS cells through the forced expression of four factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc. I hope to further investigate the role that epigenetic silencing plays in pluripotent cells. This field of research still remains open for the purpose of further study and I would like to work on a cell line of mouse ES cells that have retained their pluripotent nature to understand the underlying process of gene silencing and defined genetic program repression in them. The role that the Leukemia Inhibitory factor (LIF) plays in developmental lineages would also be a part of the research

Answer the exam Qs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Answer the exam Qs - Essay Example However, the power inequality acceptance varies between different cultures in the society (Varma & Budhwar, 2015). Individualism measures the basic interest sort by the members. In a society which is highly individualistic, the members are mainly concerned with their families’ interests (Varma & Budhwar, 2015). Contrary, members from the collective society seek to achieve more favor and loyalty from their groups. Uncertainty avoidance measures the unpredictable, unstructured and unclear situations faced by members. A high uncertainty-avoidance society is less aggressive, change intolerant, high security seeking; and vice versa in low uncertainty-avoidance society (Varma & Budhwar, 2015). Through the increase in globalization, there have been growing trends in the multinational and global business endeavors. Globalization as well as the varied cultures in different countries has resulted to the challenge of business competitiveness. Other issues include balancing between the head-quarter and the home based cultures, maintaining performance standards and productive inter-collaboration between units in the operating locations (Varma & Budhwar, 2015). According to Edgar Schein 1994 OC are the values instituted into a social group which are then passed to new members so as they can feel, see and think in response to problems (Varma & Budhwar, 2015). OC should be perceived as both pluralistic and holistic so as to shape the internal assumptions of the social group. OC is classified under 2 schools of thought where in the first, it’s seen as a variable where it can be introduced and manipulated by the organization. The second school of thought provides that OC is a situation the company finds itself in, caused by the complex and dynamic social interactions by the organization (Varma & Budhwar, 2015). Culture influences employees’ communication, the company’s products, goals and values as well as interactions with its customers and other organizations.

Analyse the causes of the Credit Crunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyse the causes of the Credit Crunch - Essay Example What is also significant to understand that the current crises are not just the result of the subprime mortgage crises but encompass different other reasons which have necessarily increased the overall severity of the crises. Further, banks also started to repossess the homes taken as collateral against the subprime mortgage loans which resulted into the decline in the prices of real estate. Credit Crunch is defined as a sudden decrease in the available funds for the purpose of lending and as such the credit crunch that resulted into US and spread to other countries includes a drastic reduction in the credit extended to private sector as well as consumers. The apparent reason for this credit crunch is subprime mortgage crises however; there are three major reasons that are often cited as the key reasons behind the overall credit crunch experienced by the developed world. Banks are considered as the main actors behind the current credit crunch episode due to their imprudent lending policies. Over the period of time, banks started to lend to those borrowers who had relatively high credit risk however, due to their higher credit risk, they also offered an opportunity to earn higher returns. In order to increase their profitability, banks and other financial institutions therefore started to lend to subprime borrowers in mortgage markets. What is however, important to understand that the banks, in order to recoup their lost liquidity, started to bundle these subprime mortgage loans into mortgage backed securities and sold them in secondary markets. The problems aroused when subprime borrowers started to default on their payments and banks have to take other funds to payback their obligations against mortgage backed securities. The process of securitization therefore further aggravated the situation. This is because of the fact that the funds that were available for the lending were used

Abstinence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abstinence - Essay Example Sexually transmitted diseases are common at present and it is increasing to alarming levels because of the unawareness about the seriousness of such diseases. ‘With abstinence, no barriers or pills are necessary because the person is not having sex. You don't have to be a virgin to practice abstinence. Sometimes people who have been having sex decide not to continue having sex. Even if a person has been having sex, he or she can still choose abstinence to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the future†. Abstinence is difficult to observe in life because of physiological and psychological factors. Sexual desire is an inborn train for every living thing and it is not easy to avoid or remove it. Persons with high will power might be succeeded in avoiding sexual activities. It is difficult for the lay man to refrain from sexual activities. In order observe abstinence, developing the will power is the only way and it should be started at an early stag e itself. In other words, abstinence should be taught in school to prevent "young' pregnancies, STD's and behavioral risks

Managerial Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managerial Accounting - Assignment Example In an article by Shanker, she recognizes the importance of accounting information in providing managers with solid information that they could base their decision making (Par 1). The author further points out that accounting information eliminate the need for business executives to use personal perception and gut to make decisions (Shanker par 1). In addition, the article recognizes that accounting is used in understanding the appropriateness of strategies used to attain short term goals. Shanker points out that short term financial goals such as an increase in sales, amount of debt, number of creditors and level of loss can be accurately determined by providing accounting information (par 1). The article is of the assumption that to acquire accurate and effective accounting information; a business entity should be formulated in three steps. Firstly, the cash numbers should be acquired. Shanker points out that cash is the most significant asset in an organization (par 2). For this reason, executives should analyze how cash-wise an organization is, and use the information to plan for short and long-term financial expenditure. For instance, if a business has cash balance of $50,000 and requires purchasing assets worth $120,000, the manager should come up with alternatives that would raise the money without using the cash balance of the business. To understand the current financial data in organizations, most executives use ratios to analyze the financial position of their businesses (Shanker par 2). For instance, the current ratio is used to determine the ability of a company to pay its short-term debt. It is determined by comparing its current assets and liabilities. The second step is to mind the budget. This can be determined by analyzing the value of income and expenditure at a specific time. This ensures that the business runs of a specific budget. Shanker is of the assumption that; if a

Reproduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reproduction - Essay Example It has gonads also known as testes, a chain of ducts that helps in transportation of spermatozoa, and accessory glands (Palladino, n.d.). The process of spermatogenesis begins in the testes. It constitutes spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis (Jones & Lopez, 2006). In spermatogenesis, a diploid spermatogonium is changed into four haploid spermatids. The spermatogonia are found as immature germ cells found next to the walls of each seminiferous tubules. Mitosis is involved in the multiplication of these cells. Every one spermatogonium is 2n and constitutes double number chromosomes (46) (Jones & Lopez, 2006). Mitosis is involved in the multiplication of chromosomes, in which each of the pair that arises is moved into the progeny. Some spermatogonia begin meiosis. In the division, the spermatogonium changes into primary spermatocyte. This then enters the first meiotic division resulting in daughter cells with 23 chromosomes (Jones & Lopez, 2006). At this stage of reduction, the cells are now haploid (n) instead of diploid (2n). The n cells at this stage are known as secondary spermatocytes. In meiosis II cells produce four haploid cells known as the spermatids (Jones & Lopez, 2006). At this stage, the process is complete. The spermatids are later changed into sperm cells through a process known as spermiogenesis (Jones & Lopez, 2006). This is capable of fertilizing an egg. The process of spermatogenesis also relies on hormonal regulation. The tubules are surrounded by interstitial cells that help in the production of testosterone and secrete it into the bloodstream (Palladino, n.d.). The production of testosterone is at its highest in teenage years. The increase leads to the start of spermatogenesis as well as the development of accessory glands. Another hormone that plays a significant role in the process is androgens. The hormone helps in male sexual being as well as stimulation of secondary sexual characteristics (Palladino, n.d.). A complex

Managerial Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managerial Accounting - Assignment Example In an article by Shanker, she recognizes the importance of accounting information in providing managers with solid information that they could base their decision making (Par 1). The author further points out that accounting information eliminate the need for business executives to use personal perception and gut to make decisions (Shanker par 1). In addition, the article recognizes that accounting is used in understanding the appropriateness of strategies used to attain short term goals. Shanker points out that short term financial goals such as an increase in sales, amount of debt, number of creditors and level of loss can be accurately determined by providing accounting information (par 1). The article is of the assumption that to acquire accurate and effective accounting information; a business entity should be formulated in three steps. Firstly, the cash numbers should be acquired. Shanker points out that cash is the most significant asset in an organization (par 2). For this reason, executives should analyze how cash-wise an organization is, and use the information to plan for short and long-term financial expenditure. For instance, if a business has cash balance of $50,000 and requires purchasing assets worth $120,000, the manager should come up with alternatives that would raise the money without using the cash balance of the business. To understand the current financial data in organizations, most executives use ratios to analyze the financial position of their businesses (Shanker par 2). For instance, the current ratio is used to determine the ability of a company to pay its short-term debt. It is determined by comparing its current assets and liabilities. The second step is to mind the budget. This can be determined by analyzing the value of income and expenditure at a specific time. This ensures that the business runs of a specific budget. Shanker is of the assumption that; if a

Mobile Banking Essay Example for Free

Mobile Banking Essay It is pleasure on my part to submit my report on â€Å"Mobile banking- The Next Generation Banking† as part of my BBA (Hon’s) Final Examination Though it is a new experience, I have tried level my best to gather information and to translate my knowledge into writing this term paper report covering the aspects of the topics as per your suggestions and guidelines to reflect the same in report with my limited scope and knowledge. Without sincere cooperation and proper guidance of you it was not possible for me to prepare this report . For this act of kindness I am grateful to you. All of my effort will be rewarded only if it could satisfy you.

Impact of Population Dynamics in Canada

Impact of Population Dynamics in Canada The population of Canada is aging, and fronting population decay in spite of near record high migration levels. This demographic tendency has substantial consequences from a public policy perspective, in relations of economic evolution, public expenses and social organization. Canada, through a total fertility rate (TFR) of about 1.5, is not unaccompanied in facing this encounter; other developed nations are previously addressing the problems related by an age structure categorized by intensely growing numbers of elder people and dwindling numbers of kids and employed age citizens. Most developed nations identify this demographic encounter and numerous have applied a variety of policies to decrease its scope as well as alleviate its potential influences. Within North America the condition is slightly unique. The United States has a comparatively great fertility rate, soaring just below the replacement level of 2.1; frequently imitating a very great fertility rate aimed at Hispanic Am ericans, in addition stable settlement. Mexico’s fertility degree is well above replacement as well as has a newer population generally. Canada has had a fertility percentage beneath replacement level ever since 1972 however has an impartially high settlement rate. Maximum Canadians, if they are conscious of the matters at play, undertake immigration will take overhaul of the challenges related by an aging populace such as a lessening work force and rising dependence ratio. Rendering to Figures Canada, Canadas population is getting old rapidly and senior citizens will outstrip kids in about an era. Population forecasts for Canada’s main metropolitan areas moreover highlight how present fertility and immigration tendencies will mark cities very contrarily. It has been predictable that through 2051, 10 out of the 26 main cities in Canada will have increasing populations, whereas 12 will perceive population decay. Of the metropolises predicted to be minor, it could be as little as half their present size. And developing cities will be newer and more varied. Since in Canada labor represents nearly two-third of the revenue share, the anticipated slowing in labor force growth increases important labor market as well as economic growth challenges (Annabi, Nabil et. al. 2009). Demographics are accurately at this interval of individual as well as collective interests (Demeny. 1986). The sum of children to have, in addition where to exist, is enormously personal queries; however the society likewise has an interest as these behaviors impact collective happiness. The number as well as structure of its affiliation is of pure interest to the entire society, and there is a genuine source for inter-personal impacts in favor to the related behaviors which are far away from virtuously private. What might we propose as a populace policy for Canada, in the logic of an idea of the favored demographic future as well as a debate of the means to transfer in that direction. In my opinion, this might instigate by two elements: (1) the compensations of some population development or at least evading decline, as well as (2) sluggish rather than speedier aging. Considerable demographic development can be frugally useful, or at minimum it has been in the historical, but evadin g decline is perhaps more significant from a financial point of vision (United Nations. 2000). Decay would mean numerous extra investments and problematic adjustments of numerous kinds, and it would comprise mainly noteworthy aging. On the further hand, environmental influences point to the difficulties of high growth. Though population growth could inspire more ecologically friendly consumption as well as technology, there is no evading the straight multiplier of population extent on ecological impact, specified our principles of living based on great use of energy and additional forms of harmful consumption (Daly. 1999). In the background of doubts associated with ecological questions, the sensible course of act would be to pursue to diminish the impact (LeGrand. 1998). In relations of specific constituents, fertility is the vital for both growth as well as aging. There is evidently limited impending for influence in respect to fertility, certain would say there is nothing. Still, reflections on nations that have principally low fertility, for example in Southern as well as Eastern Europe, propose that these very little levels arise when women have prospects in education as well as the labor force, however the family remains customary. If women have to engross the family work, particularly once there are kids, they are mainly focused on to highlighting their parts in the paid work range, where prospects are more equivalent. Fertility in a contemporary society might be made constant by strategies that would support families, irrespective of family type, decrease gender dependences in families, and apt a better allocation of earning and caring actions among males and females (Beaujot. 2000). This would not probably bring fertility beyond replacement; however it may permit more individuals to have the children that they initially envisioned. That is, we should pursue to remove the obstacles to childbearing over better partaking in the costs of kids by fathers and the wider society. Mortality is informal since lengthier and restored lives are a extensively shared value. As designated earlier, in a period of deferred degenerative as well as hybristic mortality, main are the threat factors and management. It points to the significance of constant public education on risk factors, laterally with developments in treatment. It likewise points to the numerous other bases for drawback that discourage persons from enchanting control of their lives. Other threat factors are ecological, where more exploration is required, but there is substantial evidence on the influence of environmental excellence on population wellbeing. In effect, there is additional information on the effect of atmosphere on populace than the effect of populace on atmosphere. However here again, the more danger is the deficiency of political drive to accomplish from the exploration in a policy path. Whereas immigration objectives work quite well, there is requisite for more debate on the basis for fixing these objectives in terms of together number as well as composition. Yet the Immigration Legislative Review (1997) perceived that, for numerous, sums of immigration were not an â€Å"interesting topic† as well as that the significant problems were not just figures. The costs as well as remunerations of migration towards the receiving society requisite fuller exploration, particularly in terms of the discrepancy costs and profits to diverse interests and fragments of the society. For example, it is determined in Sweden that by evading the inexpensive solution of guest labors, the society was encouraged to mark more space for females in the labor force, counting policies that would permit labors to have children. Whereas immigration is esteemed in terms of getting diversity, abundance, pluralism as well as contact with a wider world, population regeneration that is markedly based on immigration rather than fertility resources much change as well as possibly less probable for socializing novel members into a shared society. If one contemplates immigration in relations of pressures from exterior of Canada, one mode to grip these pressures is over higher immigration, laterally with fair trade as well as international support. Evidently, higher immigration is of attention to persons who are pursuing to transfer to Canada, and it is frequently of attention to sending societies. I would approve by the Economic Council of Canada (1991) that the situation for migration should not be completed in demographic or else economic relations, however in socio-cultural relations. Whereas immigration somewhat decreases aging, it is an overstatement to say that migration will correct the age arrangement. Likewise, immigration perhaps conveys net macro-economic remunerations, counting a source of labor market regeneration, however internal contemplations are more signifi cant to macro-economic development. As an alternative, the case for migration requests to be made in relations of pluralism, ethnic dynamism, humanitarian apprehensions, and candidness to a wider world. Therefore the level as well as composition of migration essentials to be centered on a political judgment concerning the kind of society that we dearth to shape. We need to develop a civilization that will have virtuous adaptive capability, by being together diverse as well as cohesive. Hence the judgment is neither demographic nor financial, however in terms of the type of immigration that will exploit the occasionally contradictory components of diversity in addition to cohesiveness. That leaves worldwide migration, where the strategy basis is best recognized. Whereas the instant demographics of immigration are rationally well proven, the part that these should show in defining immigration levels is far fewer vibrant. There are the small term remunerations to the labor market, laterally with the short term expenses of incorporation, but the long term profits of a bigger population rests on the comparative weight given to financial and ecological considerations. In Europe, Asia as well as Australia the reactions to their condition have been diverse. Every nation has engrossed on specific policy responses to multifaceted issues. Most have selected to focus on increasing or upholding a fertility proportion adjacent replacement levels though also paying thoughtful attention to labor market problems such as growing the labor force addition of women as well as other under-represented assemblies, and later superannuation ages for workforces. Some, maximum notably Australia, have likewise looked towards immigration to decrease the probability of reductions in population extent or uncontrollable ageing tendencies. The lessons from additional industrialized states comprise the significance of having a mix of strategies in place to ensure a maintainable population base. Associated to these reactions in other nations, the Canadian approach is different. In Canada, comparatively little consideration has been paid to matters of sustainable population and nothing has been remunerated to problems of fertility rates exterior the region of Quà ©bec. The Canadian strategy response has been mainly engrossed on immigration as a basis of development for the labor market and as an extenuating feature for ageing inclinations (McDaniel, Susan, A., Julia Rozanova. 2011). More lately some consideration has been engrossed on other labor market strategies, mainly exploring ingenuities around later superannuation for Canadian workers. The region of Quà ©bec has applied more clearly pro-natalist strategies including cash incentives as well as, more lately, general childcare. We might agree or disagree on these particulars; however the broader difficulty is the absence of an established basis for strategy that would pursue to endogenize population. Observing at the Australian case, McNicoll (1995) discovers that there are numerous impairments to population strategy in liberal democracies. In addition to the absence of a political source for long-term forecasting, the stress on individual well-being, and the lack of consideration to scale, there is likewise a propensity for â€Å"government to perceive its electorate only in terms of systematized groups as well as its role that of judging competing statements† (p. 18). In the Canadian situation, Pal (1993) has analyzed in what way numerous â€Å"civil society† assemblies, frequently set up by the state, are likewise pursuing rents through the political structure and might control plans based on explicit interests. It would seem that these benefits narrate less to the population as an entire, than to precise apprehensions similar to those of family, feminism, atmosphere, wellbeing, multiculturalism or immigrants. That is, the possible components to discussion of population plan are engrossed in distinctive political dominions and they are accordingly reactive to separate relatively than common benefits. Some of the components would even be in contradiction of any discussion of population plan. There is abundant room for further investigation. We requisite to improve our considerate of the trends in the constituents of population change in directive to have additional secure bases for the forecasts assumptions. Canada essentials further analyses of the inferences of both the actual as well as the potential demographic modification. We likewise need further discerning on the policy side of the developing demographics. In heartening demographers to contemplate of policy, I am encouraged by Canadian basic democratic alignment to count everybody equally in the entire populati on. Whereas there is scope for those who think of the benefits of specific assemblies, like the elderly, kids, women, visible subgroups, families, or else immigrants, there are likewise compensations to looking at the entire population, and its well-being, counting everybody equally. Bibliography Annabi, Nabil, Maxime Fougà ¨re, and Simon Harvey. 2009. Inter-temporal and Inter-industry Effects of Population Ageing: A General Equilibrium Assessment for Canada.LABOUR: Review Of Labour Economics Industrial Relations23, no. 4: 609-651.Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost(accessed March 12, 2015). Beaujot, Roderic and Judy-Lynn Richards, 1996. â€Å"International Equity in Reforming the Canada Pension Plan,† Policy Options 17(9). Daly, Herman, 1999. â€Å"From empty world economics to full world economics,† in P. Demeny and G. McNicoll, The Earthscan Reader in Population and Development. London: Earthscan Publications, pp. 270-78. Demeny, Paul, 1986. â€Å"Population and the invisible hand,† Demography, 23 (4): 473-488. Economic Council of Canada, 1991. Economic and Social Impacts of Immigration. Ottawa: Economic Council of Canada. Immigration Legislative Review, 1997. Not Just Numbers: A Canadian Framework for Future Immigration. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works. LeGrand, Thomas, 1998. â€Å"Croissance de la population mondiale et environnement: les enjeux,† Cahiers Quà ©becois de Dà ©mographie 27 (2): 221-252. McNicoll, Geoffrey, 1995, â€Å"Institutional impediments to population policy in Australia.† Australian National University, Working Papers in Demography No. 53. Pal, Leslie, 1993. Interests of State: The Politics of Language, Multiculturalism, and Feminism in Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queen`s University Press. United Nations, 2000. Replacement Migration: Is it a Solution to Declining and Aging Populations? United Nations: Population Division. McDaniel, Susan, A., and Julia Rozanova. 2011. Canada’s Aging Population (1986) Redux.Canadian Journal On Aging30, no. 3: 511-521.CINAHL with Full Text, EBSCOhost(accessed March 12, 2015).

Theories of Development Essay -- Psychology, Freud, Erickson

Question #1 : Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Erickson Freud’s Theory : Freud believed that most human behavior is motivated by the unconscious mind. â€Å"Freud proposed that personality has 3 structures : the id, the ego and the superego† (Santrock, 23). The id is the origin of personality driven by instinct. The id resides in unconscious rather than reality. The ego, another structure of reality, appears when children learn about the needs and constraints of reality. â€Å"The ego is called â€Å"executive branch† of reality because it uses reasoning to make decisions† (Santrock, 23). The id and the ego don’t make moral judgement or consider what is right or wrong. â€Å"The superego is the moral branch of personality† (Santrock, 23). Freud stated that the superego is a matter of â€Å"conscience†.† Freud believed that we all go through 5 stages of psychosexual development : oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital† (Santrock, 24). Freud claimed that the adult personality is determined by how we resolve conflicts between the sources of pleasure at each stage and the needs of the reality. Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory : Includes 8 stages of human development. â€Å"Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved† (Santrock, 24). Trust versus mistrust is the first stage appears in the first year of life. Warmth that arises from a family makes children learn to trust and feel that the world is good to live in. Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3 years of age) is the stage that children will try to do something by themselves and explore the world around them. If a child is limited too much or punish... ...aragraph, describing what you learned from completing this assignment. From completing this assignment, I have learned about human development in many areas from many different theories. I realized that a child will grow into adults with good quality, or an adult with no quality relies on many factors. Therefore, raising or teaching children is not just giving them basic stuff, such as feeding, sleeping or potty training but caregivers and early childhood educators need to learn about the environment around them that affects their behavior and development. Moreover, I think that caregivers, teachers and early childhood educators should apply all the theories about child development to their work. They should not rely on one theory to be able to understand a child because there might be many factors behind a child’s behavior.

What Is The Definition Of Marr :: essays research papers

What is the definition of marriage? What is marriage? In Webster’s Dictionary marriage is defined as the institution whereby men and women are joined in special kind of social and legal dependence for the purpose of founding and maintaining a family. The definition states â€Å"a man and a woman not a man and a man†. Some people believe same gender marriages should be allowed. But right now the law doesn’t allow same gender marriages. I guess only time will tell if that law will ever change. Marriage has always been an evolving institution, bent and shaped by the historical moment and the needs and demands of its participants (Johnson 266). The Romans recognized the phenomenon we call â€Å"falling in love,† but they considered it a hindrance to the establishment of stable households (266). Marriages certified by the state had their foundations not in religion or romance but in pragmatics-e.g., the joining of socially prominent households (266). At the beg inning of the thirteenth century, facing schisms and heresies, and seeking to consolidate its power, the Catholic Church institutionalized marriage, confirming it as a sacrament and requring that a priest officiate-a crucial step in the intrusion of organized religion into what had previously been a private transaction (266). So instead of just having any person marry a couple you now have to have a priests officiate the couple. This is another issue that makes a marriage more difficult besides the gender issue. To be an official marriage a couple must have a license and the right person to perform the wedding, like a justice of the peace or a priests. Throughout the U.S. same-gender marriages are illegal. The state of Hawaii tried recently to allow these marriages. However, Congress overwhelmingly passed the Defense of Marriage Act. This act undercut Hawaii’s effort and made it practically useless. The Defense of Marriage Act permitted states not to recognize same-gender mar riages performed in other states. There is a separation between church and state in this country (Sullivan 260). Andrew Sullivan states â€Å"we are asking only that when the government gives out civil marriage licenses, those of us who are gay should be treated like anybody else† (260). Many people just don’t believe marriage should be between two people of the same sex. Throughout history marriage has always been between a man and a woman and that’s the way many want to keep it.

George Washingtons Rules of Good Behavior

Janet FinchamAssignment # 8George Washington’s Rules of Good Behavior, ca. 1746HIST, 1107-USFEBUARY, 13, 20131. What did Captain Clark’s loud order of â€Å"all hands up and at their oars† cause the Indians to do? My peremptory order to the men, and the Bustle of their getting to their oars, Alarmed the chiefs, together with the appearance of the men on shore as the boat turned. 2. Why were the men {including Lewis and Clark} Awake all night?Peter Cruz at, our bowman, who could speaker mama, informed us in the night that the mama prisoners informed him we were to be stopped, we showed as little signs of a knowledge of their intentions as possible all prepared on board for anything which might happen, we kept a strong guard all night, no sleep. 3, what incidents and/or information might have led Lewis and Clark to the conclusion that of September 27?Captain Lewis with a guard, still on shore, the man who steered, not being much accustomed to steer, passed the bow of the boat, and the pirogue came broadside against the cable and broke it, which obliged me to order, in a loud voice, all hands up and at their oars. 4. What did the Indians do the morning of September, 28, 1804 and how did Lewis and Clark resolve the situation? Made many attempts in different ways to find our anchor, but could not: the sand had covered it, from the misfortune of last night our boat was lying at shore in a very unfavorable situation. . Why do you think Meriwether Lewis was so specific and detailed in his decryption of small and large wolf and the grizzly bear? Captain Clark thought he would weigh 500 pounds, for my own part, I think the estimate too small by 100 pounds, he measured 8 feet 7 ? inches from the nose to the extremity of the hind feet: 5 feet 10 ? inches around the breast: 1 foot 11 inches around the middle of the arm: and 3 feet 11 inches around the neck, his talons, which were 5 in number on each foot, were 4 3/8 inches in length, he was in good orde r. 6.What impression did the grizzly leave with Lewis and why did the bear leave that impression? Saw a brown {grizzly} bear swim the river above us, he disappeared before we could get in reach of him , I find that the curiosity of our party is pretty well satisfied with respect to this animal. 7. How does Sacagawea contribute to the expedition? Her labor soon proved successful, and she produced a good quantity of these roots. 8. Do you think she was appreciated or treated as† one of the boys â€Å"? YES because she contributed roots for dinner. 9.Considering the importance of the â€Å"corps of discovery â€Å"why do you think that Jefferson planned the journey in secret? Do you think he was correct in doing that? The square wife to taboo busied herself gathering the roots of the fennel called by the snake Indians YEAR –PAH for the purpose of drying to eaten on the Rocky Mountains, those roots are very palatable either fresh roots boiled or dried. †10. Do you think that you would have volunteered to go on the adventure? Yes why or why not? Because I like adventures, I love to explore wilderness it’s very interesting to me and you can learn different life styles.